Impacto económico de los egresos hospitalarios asociados a cáncer gástrico en las regiones del Maule, La Araucanía y Aysén durante los años 2015-2020 / Economic impact of hospital discharges associated with gastric cancer in del Maule, La Araucanía and Aysén regions during years 2015-2020

Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) represents one of the highest incidences in the world and in Chile, registering one of the highest mortality rates with a significant economic impact. Objective: Examine the economic expenditure (EE) associated with bed-days due to GC in patients older than 45 years according to the year of the hospital discharge, during the years 2015-2020 in the regions of Maule, La Araucanía, and Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo. Material y methods: Our ecological study is focused on a sample of patients who registered a discharge due to GC was applied (n=3,391). Data extraction was performed from the Department of Statistics and Health Information. Results: During the period of analysis, was recorded an expense of $508,995,025, with 2017 being the year with the highest value of $111,321,220. The largest EE was concentrated in La Araucanía with $265,802,005 and the smallest in Aysén with $23,646,555. Discussion: There is a genetic predisposition to GC in the Mapuche population, which resides in southern Chile. In addition, the lower EE is associated with the female sex because estrogens interfere in processes that are related to a lower predisposition for the development of GC. It is recommended to extend the study to other regions of Chile in order to extrapolate the results to the national level and to enrich the available literature.

Introducción: El cáncer gástrico (CG) representa una de las mayores incidencias en el mundo y en Chile, registrando una de las tasas más altas de mortalidad con un impacto económico importante. Objetivo: Examinar el gasto económico (GE) asociados a días-cama por CG en pacientes mayores a 45 años según año de egreso hospitalario, durante los años 2015-2020 en las regiones del Maule, La Araucanía y Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo. Materiales y métodos: Se aplicó un estudio ecológico focalizado en una muestra de pacientes que registran un egreso a causa de CG (n=3.391). La extracción de datos se realizó a partir del Departamento de Estadística e Información de Salud. Resultados: En el período se registró un gasto de $508.995.025, siendo el año 2017 el que presentó el mayor con un valor de $111.321.220. El mayor GE se concentró en La Araucanía con $265.802.005 y el menor en Aysén con $23.646.555. Discusión: Existe una mayor predisposición genética al CG en la población mapuche residente en el sur de Chile y el menor GE se asocia al sexo femenino debido a que los estrógenos interfieren en procesos que se relacionan con una menor predisposición para el desarrollo de CG. Se recomienda ampliar el estudio a otras regiones de Chile para poder extrapolar los resultados a nivel nacional y enriquecer la literatura disponible.

Epidemiology and Estimated Cost of Brachial Plexus Surgeries Performed through the Unified Health System in Brazil (2008­2016)

Introduction The brachial plexus is responsible for the innervation of the upper extremity of the body. About 10 to 20% of the peripheral nerve lesions are brachial plexus lesions. Objective To describe the epidemiology of the brachial plexus microsurgery with exploration and neurolysis (BPMEN) and the brachial plexus microsurgery with nerve graft (BPMNG) performed through the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym) from 2008 to 2016. Methodology A descriptive epidemiological study whose data were obtained from the Department of Informatics of the SUS (Datasus, in the Portuguese acronym). The study consisted of all patients submitted to BPMEN (code: 0403020034) and to BPMNG (code: 0403020042). Result/Discussion A total of 5,295 procedures were performed with an annual incidence of 2.94/1 million inhabitants. The hospital expenses of these 2 codes totaled R$ 4,492,603.88 (US$ 1,417,225.10). The BPMNG code presented an annual average of expenses with professional services of R$ 99,732.20 (US$ 31,461.26), and total expenses of R$ 897,589.83 (US$ 283,151.36). The amount transferred to the physician in this code in 2008 was R$ 294.56 (US$ 92.92), and currently it is R$ 441.84 (US$ 139.38). The BPMEN code presented an annual average of expenses of R$ 68,579.15 (US$ 21,633.80), with total expenses of R$ 617,212.40 (US$ 194,704.22). The amount transferred to the physician in this code in 2008 was R$ 153.44 (US$ 48.40), and currently it is R$ 230.16 (US$72.60). Both codes presented a lag in the transfer values to the physician that ranged from 16.55 to 17.64% when using the Brazilian national price index for the general consumer (IPCA, in the Portuguese acronym) as an inflation parameter during the period studied. The mean number of hospitalization days for these 2 codes was 3.79. Conclusion The absence of deaths and the low rate of hospital stay confirm that the procedure is safe, with a low morbimortality rate. Both codes presented a lag in the transfer values to the physician at the end of the period.

The Impact of Inflation on the Medical and Hospital Money Transfers of the Neurosurgical Procedures of the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System from 2008 to 2017

Introduction There are more than 1,500 hospital procedures included in the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System's (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym) table, which is the reference for service payment provided by establishments serving the public health network, and they are stagnant. The underfinancing of procedures is so dramatic that in some cases the amounts paid by the SUS are even lower than the taxes generated by the costs of the same procedures in Brazilian private hospitals. This article aims to compare the evolution of the compensation of neurosurgical procedures by calculating the percentile of the lag in the values transferred to both neurosurgeons and hospitals, according to the SUS table, establishing the ideal and real values according to the current inflation, in a retrospective 9-year comparison. Methodology This is an observational, comparative, retrospective study, based on the values of medical and hospital money transfers of 25 neurosurgical procedures in 2008, which were corrected according to the 2017 National Consumer Price Index (IPCA, in the Portuguese acronym). Results Through this study, from 2008 to 2017, the transfers of medical fees regarding neurosurgical techniques are almost completely outdated. As examples, we can mention: the external/subgaleal ventricular shunt, with a deficit of 43.6%; the electrode implant for brain stimulation, with - 41.67%; and decompressive craniotomy, with - 32.21% in relation to the corrected value. Only 4 of the 25 neurosurgeries present a value above that predicted by the IPCA, one of them being cerebral aneurysm embolization larger than 1.5 cm with a narrow neck (þ 8.0%). Regarding the money transfers to hospitals, all procedures are 43.6% lower than expected, since there was no readjustment in the amounts paid to the institutions in the analyzed period. For example, in 2008, for the transposition of the cubital nerve, R$ 267.30 were transferred, and the same amount was maintained in 2017; and, for the surgical treatment of compressive syndrome in osteofibrous tunnel at carpal level (R$ 145.18), the amount also remained fixed throughout these 9 years. Conclusion Because they did not follow the evolution of the economy, in 80% of the surgeries, the neurosurgeons did not have their economic demands met regarding the procedures performed through SUS. And the data became even more alarming when the money transfers to hospitals were evaluated, since there was no evolution in the money transfers for any of the neurosurgeries evaluated.

Medical resource consumption of moderate/severe psoriasis in a private health organization of Buenos Aires, Argentina,

Abstract Background: Despite the economic burden of psoriasis for patients and societies, scant information exists regarding the impact and burden of the disease in Argentina. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate medical resource consumption and direct health care costs for patients with moderate/severe psoriasis in Buenos Aires, Argentina from the perspective of the payer. Methods: Adults with moderate/severe psoriasis (severity was defined as receiving systemic treatment), during January 2010-January 2014, aged 18 years and older, members of the Italian Hospital Medical Care Program with at least 18 months of follow-up were included. All data on hospitalizations, drug prescription, outpatient episodes, consultations, and investigations/tests in the 12 months before inclusion in the study were considered for the estimation of medical resource consumption and direct health care costs. First-quarter 2018 costs were obtained from the IHMCP and converted into US dollars (using the January 2018 exchange rate). Results: A total of 791 patients were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 34 ± 12 years. Almost 65% of the patients had a dermatologist as their usual source of care, 43% had internists, and 14% had rheumatologists. The average yearly direct cost was US$ 5326 (95% CI: 4125-7896) per patient per year. Study limitation: The single center design and the retrospective nature are the main limitations. Conclusion: This is the first Argentine study that evaluated the costs of moderate/severe psoriasis by taking into consideration the direct medical costs of the disease.

Avaliação e seleção de candidatos para transplante hepático: uma perspectiva econômica / Evaluation and selection of candidates for liver transplantation: an economic perspective

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Over the next 20 years, the number of patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation (LTx) is expected to increase by 23%, while pre-LTx costs should raise by 83%. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate direct medical costs of the pre-LTx period from the perspective of a tertiary care center. METHODS: The study included 104 adult patients wait-listed for deceased donor LTx between October 2012 and May 2016 whose treatment was fully provided at the study transplant center. Clinical and economic data were obtained from electronic medical records and from a hospital management software. Outcomes of interest and costs of patients on the waiting list were compared through the Kruskal-Wallis test. A generalized linear model with logit link function was used for multivariate analysis. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The costs of patients who underwent LTx ($8,879.83; 95% CI 6,735.24-11,707.27; P<0.001) or who died while waiting ($6,464.73; 95% CI 3,845.75-10,867.28; P=0.04) were higher than those of patients who were excluded from the list for any reason except death ($4,647.78; 95% CI 2,469.35-8,748.04; P=0.254) or those who remained on the waiting list at the end of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Although protocols of inclusion on the waiting list vary among transplant centers, similar approaches exist and common problems should be addressed. The results of this study may help centers with similar socioeconomic realities adjust their transplant policies.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Nos próximos 20 anos, estima-se um aumento de 23% no número de pacientes em lista de espera para transplante de fígado (TxF) e de 83% nos custos no período pré-TxF. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os custos médicos diretos do período pré-TxF sob a perspectiva de um centro de atenção terciária. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 104 adultos em lista de espera para TxF, com doador falecido, entre outubro de 2012 e maio de 2016, tratados integralmente no centro transplantador do estudo. Dados clínicos e econômicos foram obtidos do prontuário eletrônico e do software de gestão hospitalar. Os desfechos de interesse e os custos dos pacientes em lista de espera foram comparados através do teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Um modelo linear generalizado com função de ligação logarítmica foi utilizado para a análise multivariável. Valores de P<0.05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. RESULTADOS: Os custos com pacientes submetidos a TxF (US$ 8.879,83; IC 95% 6.735,24-11.707,27; P<0,001) ou que morreram enquanto estavam em lista (US$ 6.464,73; IC 95% 3.845,75-10.867,28; P=0,04) foram maiores do que com pacientes excluídos da lista por qualquer motivo, exceto óbito (US$ 4.647,78; IC 95% 2.469,35-8.748,04; P=0,254) ou daqueles que permaneceram em lista de espera ao final do seguimento. CONCLUSÃO: Embora os protocolos de inclusão em lista de espera variem entre os centros transplantadores, existem condutas semelhantes e problemas comuns devem ser considerados. Os resultados deste estudo podem auxiliar os centros com realidades socioeconômicas semelhantes na adequação das suas políticas de transplante.

Healthcare telemonitoring and business dynamics: challenges and opportunities for SUS / Telemonitoramento e a dinâmica empresarial em saúde: desafios e oportunidades para o SUS

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To point out challenges and opportunities for the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) with the use of telemonitoring to face the increasing costs of non-communicable chronic diseases, based on its general panorama in Brazil, business dynamics and reapplication of data from American studies. METHODS Quali-quantitative approach with exploratory research. The field work focused on the analysis of the national market from private companies, since no experiences or studies related to this theme were identified in the SUS. To analyze the panorama and market dynamics, we investigated the offer of this technology based on the products and services available and their demand by reference hospitals the ten largest private health plan companies. To support the central discussion, we analyzed the reduction of costs with hospital admissions by the SUS due to chronic non-communicable diseases sensitive to telemonitoring (HCDST), using data from Datasus and some American studies from the MEDLINE/PubMed database. RESULTS Although in the embryonic phase, business agents search for new business opportunities, whereas public initiatives for the use of telemonitoring in collective health seem inexistent. The reapplication of U.S. data would reduce spending on HCDST and provide benefits, such as the reduction in emergency room care, acute hospitalizations, readmissions and home care time, among others, which point to even greater economic gains. CONCLUSIONS The development of a major project to reduce HCDST using this technology has the potential to advance in a comprehensive network of primary care, contribute to a greater dynamism of the national productive and innovative base and induce innovations along the chain of this emerging industry.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Apontar desafios e oportunidades para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com o uso do telemonitoramento para enfrentar o aumento crescente dos custos com as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, a partir do seu panorama geral no Brasil, dinâmica empresarial e reaplicação de dados de estudos americanos. MÉTODOS Este trabalho se enquadra na abordagem quali-quantitativa com pesquisa do tipo exploratória, e o trabalho de campo se concentrou na análise do mercado nacional a partir das empresas privadas, pois não se identificaram experiências ou estudos relacionados a esse tema no SUS. Para análise do panorama e da dinâmica do mercado, investigou-se a oferta a partir dos produtos e serviços disponíveis e a demanda por meio dos hospitais de referência, bem como as dez maiores empresas de planos de saúde privados. Para subsidiar a discussão central deste estudo, analisou-se a redução de custos com as internações hospitalares pelo SUS decorrentes das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis mais impactadas pelo telemonitoramento (IDCST), utilizando-se dados do Datasus e de alguns estudos americanos da base de dados MEDLINE/PubMed. RESULTADOS Embora em fase embrionária, os agentes empresariais se posicionam na busca por novas oportunidades de negócios, enquanto na saúde coletiva não há aparentemente iniciativas públicas para o uso do telemonitoramento. A reaplicação dos dados estadunidenses implicaria uma redução significativa nos gastos com IDCST pelo SUS, sem considerar outros benefícios, tais como a redução nos atendimentos nas salas de emergência, internações agudas, reinternações e tempo de cuidados domiciliares, entre outros, que apontam para ganhos econômicos ainda superiores com o uso do telemonitoramento. CONCLUSÕES O desenvolvimento de um grande projeto para a redução das IDCST a partir dessa tecnologia tem potencial para avançar em uma rede integral de atenção básica, contribuir para uma maior dinamização da base produtiva e inovativa nacional e induzir inovações em toda a cadeia dessa indústria emergente.

Hospitalization costs and their determining factors among patients undergoing kidney transplantation: a cross-sectional descriptive study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cost evaluation is a key tool in monitoring expenditure for budget management. It increases the efficiency of possible changes through identifying potential savings and estimating the resources required to make such changes. However, there is a lack of knowledge of the total cost of hospitalization up to the clinical outcome, regarding patients admitted for kidney transplantation. Likewise, there is a lack of data on the factors that influence the amounts spent by hospital institutions and healthcare systems. OBJECTIVES: To describe the costs and determining factors relating to hospitalization of patients undergoing kidney transplantation. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional descriptive study with a quantitative approach based on secondary data from 81 patients who were admitted for kidney transplantation at a leading transplantation center in southern Brazil. METHODS: The direct costs of healthcare for patients who underwent kidney transplantation were the dependent variable, and included personnel, expenses, third-party services, materials and medicines. The factors that interfered in the cost of the procedure were indirect variables. The items that made up these variables were gathered from the records of the internal transplantation committee and from the electronic medical records. The billing sector provided information on the direct costs per patient. RESULTS: The estimated total cost of patients' hospitalization was R$ 1,257,639.11 (US$ 571,010.44). Out of this amount, R$ 1,237,338.31 (US$ 561,793.20) was paid by the Brazilian National Health System and R$ 20,300.80 (US$ 9,217.24) by the transplantation center's own resources. The highest costs related to the length of hospital stay and clinical complications such as sepsis and pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: The costs of hospitalization for kidney transplantation relate to the length of hospital stay and clinical complications.

Sleep pattern, obesity and healthcare expenditures in Brazilian adults / Padrões do sono, obesidade e despesas em saúde com brasileiros adultos

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between sleep pattern and healthcare expenditures in adults, as well as to identify whether physical activity, biochemical markers and obesity affect this relationship. The sample was composed of 168 adults aged ≥ 50 years attended by two Basic Healthcare Units in Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. Health expenditure, sleep pattern, anthropometry, adiposity index, physical activity, metabolic and cardiovascular variables were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Spearman tests. Sleep disorders were positively correlated to higher costs with medicines and negatively correlated to costs with laboratory tests, even after adjusts by confounders. In addition, healthcare costs were also correlated to physical activity score, blood pressure, obesity and metabolic variables. Severe sleep disorders and high percentage of body fat were associated with increased use of medications. Sleep pattern is correlated to primary care healthcare costs, obesity and physical activity level.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre padrão de sono e despesas de saúde em adultos, bem como identificar se atividade física, marcadores bioquímicos e obesidade afetam esse relacionamento. A amostra foi composta por 168 adultos com idade ≥ 50 anos atendidos por duas unidades básicas de saúde em Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil. Foram avaliadas as despesas de saúde, padrões do sono, antropometria, atividade física, variáveis metabólicas e cardiovasculares. Foram utilizados Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney e Spearman. Os distúrbios do sono foram correlacionados positivamente com os custos mais elevados com medicamentos e negativamente com os custos com testes laboratoriais, mesmo após ajuste por fatores de confusão. Além disso, os custos de saúde também foram correlacionados ao escore de atividade física, pressão arterial, obesidade e variáveis metabólicas. Distúrbios graves do sono e alta porcentagem de gordura corporal foram associados ao aumento do uso de medicamentos. O padrão de sono está correlacionado com os custos de cuidados de saúde primários, obesidade e atividade física.

Healthcare Utilization and Costs Reduction after Radiofrequency Ablation For Atrial Fibrillation in the Brazilian Private Healthcare System / Redução na Utilização de Recursos em Saúde e dos Custos após Ablação por Radiofrequência da Fibrilação Arial na Saúde Suplementar Brasileira

Abstract Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia worldwide, with significantly associated hospitalizations. Considering its growing incidence, the AF related economic burden to healthcare systems is increasing. Healthcare expenditures might be substantially reduced after AF radiofrequency ablation (AFRA). Objective: To compare resource utilization and costs before and after AFRA in a cohort of patients from the Brazilian private healthcare system. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, based on patients' billing information from an administrative database. Eighty-three adult patients who had an AFRA procedure between 2014 and 2015 were included. Healthcare resource utilization related to cardiovascular causes, including ambulatory and hospital care, as well as its costs, were analyzed. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean follow-up was 14.7 ± 7.1 and 10.7 ± 5.4 months before and after AFRA, respectively. The 1-year AF recurrence-free rate was 83.6%. Before AFRA, median monthly total costs were Brazilian Reais (BRL) 286 (interquartile range [IQR]: 137-766), which decreased by 63.5% (p = 0.001) after the procedure, to BRL 104 (IQR: 57-232). Costs were reduced both in the emergency (by 58.6%, p < 0.001) and outpatient settings (by 56%, p < 0.001); there were no significant differences in the outpatient visits, inpatient elective admissions and elective admission costs before and after AFRA. The monthly median emergency department visits were reduced (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In this cohort, overall healthcare costs were reduced by 63.5%. A longer follow-up could be useful to evaluate if long-term cost reduction is maintained.

Resumo Fundamento: A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia mais comum em todo o mundo, com hospitalizações significativamente associadas. Considerando sua crescente incidência, a carga econômica relacionada à FA para os sistemas de saúde está aumentando. Os gastos com saúde podem ser substancialmente reduzidos após a ablação por radiofrequência (ARF). Objetivo: Comparar a utilização de recursos e os custos anteriores e posteriores à ARF em uma coorte de pacientes do sistema de saúde privado brasileiro. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com base nas informações de cobrança dos pacientes de um banco de dados administrativo. Foram incluídos oitenta e três pacientes adultos que passaram pelo procedimento de ARF entre 2014 e 2015. A utilização de recursos de saúde relacionados às causas cardiovasculares, incluindo atendimento ambulatorial e hospitalar, assim como seus custos, foram analisados. Um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: O seguimento médio foi de 14,7 ± 7,1 e 10,7 ± 5,4 meses antes e após a ARF, respectivamente. A taxa de FA livre de recidiva em 1 ano foi de 83,6%. Antes da ARF, a mediana dos custos totais mensais foi de R$286,00 (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]: 137-766), com redução de 63,5% (p = 0,001) após o procedimento, para um valor de R$104 (IIQ: 57-232). Os custos foram reduzidos tanto na emergência (em 58,6%, p < 0,001) como no ambiente ambulatorial (em 56%, p < 0,001); não houve diferenças significativas nas consultas ambulatoriais, internações eletivas e custos de internação eletiva antes e depois da ARF. As medianas das consultas mensais no setor de emergência foram reduzidas (p < 0,001). Conclusão: Nesta coorte, os custos gerais com saúde foram reduzidos em 63,5%. Um seguimento mais longo pode ser útil para avaliar se a redução de custos em longo prazo é mantida.

Impacto económico de los inhibidores en hemofilia tipo A pediátrica / Economic impact of inhibitors in pediatric hemophilia type A

Resumen Introducción: Pocos estudios han evaluado el impacto económico de los inhibidores en hemofilia tipo A en México, especialmente en población pediátrica. Objetivo: Determinar el impacto económico que conlleva el desarrollo de inhibidores en pacientes pediátricos con hemofilia tipo A. Método: Se evaluaron de forma retrospectiva los pacientes con hemofilia tipo A atendidos en un servicio de hematología pediátrica entre diciembre de 2015 y noviembre de 2017, y se determinaron los costos directos e indirectos a partir de la presencia o ausencia de inhibidores. Resultados: El análisis de costos de la población estudiada (n = 24) mostró que el diagnóstico, seguimiento, profilaxis, tratamiento y hospitalización de estos pacientes tuvo un costo de $6 883 187.4 anuales por paciente, de los cuales más de 95 % dependió del uso de factores hemostáticos. El costo anual por paciente en el grupo con inhibidores tuvo un costo de $5 548 765.0, en comparación con $1 334 422.4 del grupo sin inhibidores, 4.2 veces superior. Conclusiones: Se trata del primer estudio nacional que muestra que el desarrollo de inhibidores en pacientes pediátricos con hemofilia tipo A eleva más de cuatro veces la erogación económica derivada de esta enfermedad.

Abstract Introduction: Few studies have assessed the economic impact of inhibitors in hemophilia A in Mexico, especially in the pediatric population. Objective: To determine the economic impact entailed by the development of inhibitors in pediatric patients with hemophilia A. Method: Patients with hemophilia A under the care of a pediatric hematology department between December 2015 and November 2017 were retrospectively assessed. Direct and indirect costs were determined based on the presence or absence of inhibitors. Results: The cost analysis of the study population (n = 24) showed that diagnosis, follow-up, prophylaxis, treatment and hospitalization of these patients had an annual cost of $ 6 883 187.4 per patient, out of which more than 95 % depended on the use of hemostatic factors. Annual cost per patient in the group with inhibitors was $ 5 548 765.0 in comparison with $ 1 334 422.4 in the group without inhibitors, 4.2 times higher. Conclusions: This is the first national study to show that the presence of inhibitors in pediatric patients with hemophilia A increases the cost of the disease more than four times.

Estimation of the costs of invasive cervical cancer treatment in Brazil: A micro-costing study / Estimativa dos custos do tratamento do câncer do colo do útero invasivo no Brasil: um estudo de microcustos

Abstract Objective Themain objective of the present study was to estimate the annual treatment costs of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) per patient at an oncology center in Brazil from a societal perspective by considering direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs. Methods A cost analysis descriptive study, in which direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs were collected using a microcosting approach, was conducted between May 2014 and July 2016 from a societal perspective. The study population consisted of women diagnosed with ICC admitted to a tertiary hospital in Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The annual cost per patient was estimated in terms of the value of American Dollars (US$) in 2016. Results From a societal perspective, the annual ICC treatment cost per patient was US $ 2,219.73. Direct medical costs were responsible for 81.2% of the total value, of which radiotherapy and outpatient chemotherapy had the largest share. Under the base-case assumption, the estimated cost to the national budget of a year of ICC treatment in the Brazilian population was US$ 25,954,195.04. Conclusion We found a high economic impact of health care systems treating ICC in a poor region of Brazil. These estimates could be applicable to further evaluations of the cost-effectiveness of preventing and treating ICC.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi estimar os custos anuais por paciente do tratamento do câncer do colo do útero (CCU) invasivo em um centro de oncologia no Brasil, sob a perspectiva da sociedade, considerando os custos diretos médicos, diretos não médicos e indiretos. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo descritivo de análise de custos, no qual os custos médicos diretos, não médicos diretos e indiretos foram coletados por meio de uma abordagem de microcustos, realizado entre maio de 2014 e julho de 2016 sob a perspectiva da sociedade. A população do estudo foi composta por mulheres diagnosticadas com CCU invasivo internadas em um hospital terciário em Recife, PE, Brasil. O custo anual por paciente foi estimado emtermos de dólares americanos (US$) para o ano de 2016. Resultados O custo anual do tratamento do CCU invasivo sob a perspectiva da sociedade foi de US$ 2.219,73 por paciente. Os custos médicos diretos foram responsáveis por 81,2% do valor total, dos quais a radioterapia e a quimioterapia ambulatorial tiveram a maior participação. Sob o pressuposto do caso base, o custo estimado para o orçamento nacional de um ano de tratamento do CCU invasivo na população brasileira foi de US$ 25.954.195,04. Conclusão Foi encontrado um alto impacto econômico dos sistemas de saúde para o tratamento do CCU invasivo em uma região pobre do Brasil. Essas estimativas poderão ser aplicáveis emavaliações adicionais do custo-efetividade da prevenção e tratamento do CCU.

The cost of stroke in private hospitals in Brazil: a one-year prospective study / O custo do AVC em hospitais privados no Brasil: um estudo prospectivo

ABSTRACT Few studies from low- and middle-income countries have assessed stroke and cerebral reperfusion costs from the private sector. Objective To measure the in-hospital costs of ischemic stroke (IS), with and without cerebral reperfusion, primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PIH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and transient ischemic attacks (TIA) in two private hospitals in Joinville, Brazil. Methods Prospective disease-cost study. All medical and nonmedical costs for patients admitted with any stroke type or TIA were consecutively determined in 2016-17. All costs were adjusted to the gross domestic product deflator index and purchasing power parity. Results We included 173 patients. The median cost per patient was US$3,827 (IQR: 2,800-8,664) for the 131 IS patients; US$2,315 (IQR: 1,692-2,959) for the 27 TIA patients; US$16,442 (IQR: 5,108-33,355) for the 11 PIH patients and US$28,928 (IQR: 12,424-48,037) for the four SAH patients (p < 0.00001). For the six IS patients who underwent intravenous thrombolysis, the median cost per patient was US$11,463 (IQR: 8,931-14,291), and for the four IS patients who underwent intra-arterial thrombectomy, the median cost per patient was US$35,092 (IQR: 31,833-37,626; p < 0.0001). A direct correlation was found between cost and length of stay (r = 0.67, p < 0.001). Conclusions Stroke is a costly disease. In the private sector, the costs of cerebral reperfusion for IS treatment were three-to-ten times higher than for usual treatments. Therefore, cost-effectiveness studies are urgently needed in low- and middle-income countries.

RESUMO Poucos estudos determinam o custo do AVC em países de baixa e média renda nos setores privados. Objetivos Mensurar o custo hospitalar do tratamento do(a): AVC isquêmico com e sem reperfusão cerebral, hemorragia intracerebral primária (HIP), hemorragia subaracnóidea e ataque isquêmico transitório (AIT) em hospitais privados de Joinville, Brasil. Métodos Estudo prospectivo de custo de doença. Os custos médicos e não médicos dos pacientes admitidos com qualquer tipo de AVC ou AIT foram consecutivamente verificados em 2016-17. Os valores foram ajustados ao índice do deflator do produto interno bruto e à paridade do poder de compra. Resultados Nós incluímos 173 pacientes. A mediana de custo por paciente foi de US$ 3.827 (IQR: 2.800-8.664) para os 131 pacientes com AVC isquêmico; US$ 2.315 (1.692-2.959) para os 27 pacientes com AIT; US$ 16.442 (5.108-33.355) para os 11 pacientes com HIP e US$ 28.928 (12.424-48.037) para os quatro pacientes com HSA (p < 0,00001). Para seis pacientes submetidos à trombólise intravenosa, a mediana do custo por paciente foi de US$ 11.463 (8.931-14.291) e, para quatro pacientes submetidos à trombectomia intra-arterial, a mediana de custo por paciente foi de US$ 35.092 (31.833-37.626; p < 0,0001). Uma correlação direta foi encontrada entre custo e tempo de permanência (r = 0,67, p < 0,001). Conclusão O AVC é uma doença cara. Em ambiente privado, os custos da reperfusão cerebral foram de três a dez vezes superiores aos tratamentos habituais do AVC isquêmico. Portanto, estudos de custo-efetividade são urgentemente necessários em países de baixa e média rendas.

The cost of stroke in a public hospital in Brazil: a one-year prospective study / Custo do AVC em um hospital público no Brasil: um estudo prospectivo de um ano

ABSTRACT Low- and middle-income countries face tight health care budgets, not only new resources, but also costly therapeutic resources for treatment of ischemic stroke (IS). However, few prospective data about stroke costs including cerebral reperfusion from low- and middle-income countries are available. Objective To measure the costs of stroke care in a public hospital in Joinville, Brazil. Methods We prospectively assessed all medical and nonmedical costs of inpatients admitted with a diagnosis of any stroke or transient ischemic attack over one year, analyzed costs per type of stroke and treatment, length of stay (LOS) and compared hospital costs with government reimbursement. Results We evaluated 274 patients. The total cost for the year was US$1,307,114; the government reimbursed the hospital US$1,095,118. We found a significant linear correlation between LOS and costs (r = 0.71). The median cost of 134 IS inpatients who did not undergo cerebral reperfusion (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] median = 3 ) was US$2,803; for IS patients who underwent intravenous (IV) alteplase (NIHSS 10), the median was US$5,099, and for IS patients who underwent IV plus an intra-arterial (IA) thrombectomy (NIHSS > 10), the median cost was US$10,997. The median costs of a primary intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and transient ischemic attack were US$2,436, US$8,031 and US$2,677, respectively. Conclusions Reperfusion treatments were two-to-four times more expensive than conservative treatment. A cost-effectiveness study of the IS treatment option is necessary.

RESUMO Os países de baixa e media renda enfrentam orçamentos apertados na saúde, não somente devido aos novos recursos terapêuticos, mas relacionado ao custo oneroso do tratamento do acidente vascular cerebral. No entanto, poucos dados prospectivos sobre os custos do AVC, incluindo reperfusão cerebral de países de baixa e média renda estão disponíveis. Objetivo Mensurar os custos do atendimento ao AVC em um hospital público. Métodos Avaliamos prospectivamente todos os custos médicos e não médicos de pacientes internados com diagnóstico de acidente vascular cerebral ou AIT durante 1 ano, analisamos os custos por tipo de AVC e tratamento, tempo de permanência e comparamos os custos hospitalares com o reembolso governamental. Resultados Foram avaliados 274 pacientes. O custo total em um ano foi de US$ 1.307,114; o governo reembolsou o hospital no valor de US$ 1.095.118. Encontramos uma correlação linear significativa entre LOS e custos (r = 0,71). A mediana do custo do AVCI em 134 pacientes que não sofreram reperfusão cerebral (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] mediana = 3) foi de US$ 2.803; para pacientes submetidos a alteplase intravenosa (IV) (NIHSS 10), a mediana foi de US$ 5.099 e para os pacientes submetidos a trombectomia intra-arterial (IA) (NIHSS > 10), o custo mediano foi de US$ 10.997. A mediana do custo de uma hemorragia intracerebral primária, hemorragia subaracnóidea e AIT foram de US$ 2.436, US$ 8.031 e US$ 2.677, respectivamente. Conclusões Os tratamentos de reperfusão foram duas a quatro vezes mais caros do que o tratamento conservador. Estudo de custo-efetividade para o tratamento do AVC são necessários.

Epidemiology and Estimated Cost of Surgery for Chronic Subdural Hematoma Conducted by the Unified Health System in Brazil (2008­2016)

Introduction Chronic subdural hematoma (CSH) is one of the most frequent forms of intracranial hemorrhage. It is a collection of encapsulated, well-delimited fluid and/or coagulated blood in several clotting stages located between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. Objective To describe the epidemiological aspects of CSH described in the database of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym) regarding admission numbers, hospitalization expenses, health care professional expenses, mortality rate, and death numbers by region from 2008 to the first half of 2016. Methods The present work was performed between August and September 2016 with a review about the epidemiological aspects of CSH in Brazil according to the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) database, encompassing the period from January 2008 to June 2016, and to scientific papers from the past 10 years which were electronically published at the PubMed, Scielo, and LILACS databases. Results From 2008 to the first half of 2016, the total values were the following: hospital admission authorizations (HAAs). 33,878; hospital expenses, BRL 65,909,429.22; health care professional expenses, BRL 25,158,683.21; deaths, 2,758; and mortality rates ranging from 6.47 to 12.63%. Conclusion In spite of the high clinical relevance of CSH, epidemiological studies about this condition are limited. As such, the present paper is an updated approach on CSH, focusing on its epidemiological aspects according to the DATASUS database.

Nursing Activities Score and the cost of nursing care required and available / El Nursing Activities Score y el costo de la asistencia de Enfermería requerida y disponible / Nursing Activities Score e custo da assistência de enfermagem requerida e disponível

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the cost of nursing care required and available through the use of the Nursing Activities Score. Method: Quantitative study, direct costing of nursing care required and available in the Intensive Care Units. Data collection included variables of the patients, nursing professionals and nursing workload measured by the Nursing Activities Score. The cost of nursing care was estimated by multiplying the cost of each hour with the total number of hours of care per category. Results: The negative difference of R$ 94,791.5 between the cost of available and required nursing care indicated an increase of 3.2 nurses and 7.0 nursing technicians. Conclusion: The cost of nursing care required identified through the application of the Nursing Activities Score, which is higher than the cost of available care, indicates the need to adjust the number of professionals to meet patients' demands.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar el costo de la asistencia de Enfermería requerida y disponible con el uso del Nursing Activities Score. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, con análisis de costo directo de la asistencia de Enfermería requerida y disponible en las Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. La recolección de los datos incluyó variables de los pacientes, profesionales de Enfermería y carga de trabajo de Enfermería medida por el Nursing Activities Score. El costo de la asistencia de Enfermería fue determinado por la multiplicación entre el costo de cada hora y el total de horas de la asistencia por categoría. Resultados: La diferencia negativa de 94.791,5 reales entre el costo de la asistencia de Enfermería disponible y requerida indicó un aumento de 3,2 enfermeros y 7,0 técnicos de Enfermería. Conclusión: El costo de la asistencia de Enfermería requerida identificado por medio de la aplicación del Nursing Activities Score, más elevado que el costo de la asistencia disponible, indica la necesidad de ajustar el número de profesionales para atender las demandas de los pacientes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar o custo da assistência de enfermagem requerida e disponível com o uso do Nursing Activities Score. Método: Estudo quantitativo, análise de custo direto da assistência de enfermagem requerida e disponível nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. A coleta dos dados incluiu variáveis dos pacientes, profissionais de enfermagem e carga de trabalho de enfermagem medida pelo Nursing Activities Score. O custo da assistência de enfermagem foi estimado pela multiplicação entre o custo de cada hora e o total de horas da assistência por categoria. Resultados: A diferença negativa de R$ 94.791,5 entre o custo da assistência de enfermagem disponível e requerida indicou acréscimo de 3,2 enfermeiros e 7,0 técnicos de enfermagem. Conclusão: O custo da assistência de enfermagem requerida identificado por meio da aplicação do Nursing Activities Score, mais elevado que o custo da assistência disponível, indica a necessidade de ajustar o número de profissionais para atender às demandas dos pacientes.

How much to invest in glycemic control of a patient with diabetes mellitus type 2? A constant dilemma for the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS)

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) affects millions of people worldwide and causes several complications for the patient, consuming large sums of financial resources from the health services. This study aims to estimate the financial investment of DM2 treatment for glycemic control of the patient, from the point of view of the municipal Public Health System (SUS). The Delphi technique was used to validate the opinion of a team of judges, specialists in DM2, and health service managers, on the investment necessary for glycemic control of patients with DM2 through the application of questionnaires. In order for the patient to achieve glycated hemoglobin (A1c) < 7%, an investment of US$ 2,419.06 (value/patient/year) is necessary. As the value of A1c increases, investment is reduced. This result reveals the intention to allocate resources for the prevention of DM2 and its complications

Impacto orçamentário da incorporação de medicamentos para tratamento em segunda linha do edema macular diabético no SUS sob a perspectiva da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Budget impact of the incorporation of second-line drug treatment for diabetic macular edema in the Brazilian Unified National Health System from the perspective of the Minas Gerais State Health Department, Brazil / Impacto presupuestario de la incorporación de medicamentos para un tratamiento de segunda línea del edema macular diabético en el Sistema Único de Salud, desde la perspectiva de la Secretaría Estatal de Salud de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Resumo: Os objetivos foram efetuar a análise do impacto orçamentário para a incorporação de segunda linha terapêutica com terapia antiangiogênica de aplicação intravítrea, para tratamento de edema macular diabético, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em Minas Gerais, Brasil, discutindo sua viabilidade à luz do orçamento do estado. A análise do impacto orçamentário com método determinístico, segundo diretriz do Ministério da Saúde. Foram incluídos os pacientes com provável falha ao tratamento de primeira linha, num horizonte temporal de 5 anos para todas as tecnologias avaliadas. Incluíram-se na análise os medicamentos bevacizumabe (uso off-label), ranibizumabe e aflibercepte. As populações foram calculadas tanto por demanda aferida quanto por estimativa epidemiológica. Como análises de sensibilidade efetuaram-se: cenário com difusão de tecnologia mais lenta; cenário com a entrada de bevacizumabe e ranibizumabe biossimilares no mercado; cenário com a desconsideração da inflação no período. O impacto orçamentário incremental, de acordo com as estimativas de demanda aferida e epidemiológica, respectivamente, foi de R$ 69.493.906,95-R$ 473.226.278,78 para bevacizumabe; R$ 349.319.965,60-R$ 2.378.732.103,09 para ranibizumabe e R$543.867.485,47-R$ 3.703.524.490,16 para aflibercepte. Bevacizumabe foi a alternativa financeiramente mais viável em todos os cenários das estimativas e análises de sensibilidade. Estimou-se incremento próximo a 3%, comparando com o orçamento de 2016 (demanda aferida). Avalia-se que a incorporação é viável dentro do SUS em Minas Gerais, mas sujeita às prioridades da gestão. A discrepância de preços entre produtos de eficácia semelhante é intrigante e tema fértil para estudos futuros.

Abstract: The study's objective was to perform budget impact assessment for the incorporation of second-line intravitreal antiangiogenic therapy for diabatic macular edema in the scope of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, discussing the incorporation's state budget feasibility. The budget impact assessment was performed as a deterministic method according to Ministry of Health guidelines. The study included patients with probable first-line treatment failure in a five-year timeline for all the technologies assessed. The analysis included the drugs bevacizumab (off-label use), ranibizumab, and aflibercept. The populations were calculated both by observed demand and epidemiological estimate. The following sensitivity analyses were performed: a scenario with slower technology diffusion, a scenario with the market entry of biosimilar versions of bevacizumab and ranibizumab, and a scenario disregarding inflation during the period. The incremental budget impacts according to observed and epidemiologically estimated demand, respectively, were BRL 69,493,906.95 to BRL 473,226,278.78 for bevacizumab; BRL 349,319,965.60 to BRL 2,378,732,103.09 for ranibizumab; and BRL 543,867,485.47 to BRL 3,703,524,490.16 for aflibercept. Bevacizumab proved to be the most financially feasible alternative in all the scenarios of estimates and sensitivity analyses. An increment of nearly 3% was estimated, compared to the 2016 budget (observed demand). The study showed that the incorporation is feasible in the SUS, Minas Gerais State, but subject to management priorities. Price discrepancies between products with similar efficacy is intriguing and provides fertile ground for future studies.

Resumen: El objetivo fue efectuar un análisis del impacto presupuestario en la incorporación de una segunda línea terapéutica, con terapia antiangiogénica de aplicación intravítrea, para el tratamiento de edema macular diabético, en el ámbito del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), en Minas Gerais, Brasil, discutiendo su viabilidad respecto al presupuesto del estado. Se realizó una análisis del impacto presupuestario con un método determinístico, según la directriz del Ministerio de Salud. Se incluyeron pacientes con probable fracaso al tratamiento de primera línea, en un horizonte temporal de 5 años para todas las tecnologías evaluadas. Se incluyeron en el análisis los medicamentos bevacizumab (uso off-label), ranibizumab y aflibercept. Las poblaciones se calcularon tanto por demanda evaluada, como por estimación epidemiológica. A modo de análisis de sensibilidad se planteó un escenario con una difusión de tecnología más lenta, un escenario con la entrada de bevacizumab y ranibizumab biosimilares en el mercado, y un escenario con la desconsideración de la inflación durante el período. El incremento del impacto presupuestario, de acuerdo con las estimativas de demanda evaluada y epidemiológica, respectivamente, fue BRL 69.493.906,95-BRL 473.226.278,78 en el caso del bevacizumab; BRL 349.319.965,60-BRL 2.378.732.103,09 en el de ranibizumab y BRL 543.867.485,47-BRL 3.703.524.490,16 en el aflibercept. El bevacizumab se mostró la alternativa financiera más viable en todos los escenarios de estimaciones y análisis de sensibilidad. Se estimó un incremento cercano al 3%, comparándolo con el presupuesto de 2016 (demanda evaluada). Se considera que la incorporación es viable dentro del SUS en Minas Gerais, pero sujeta a las prioridades de la gestión. La discrepancia de precios entre productos de eficacia semejante es intrigante y un tema fértil para estudios futuros.

Assessment of the adherence to and costs of the prophylaxis protocol for venous thromboembolism

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate adherence to the therapeutic prophylaxis protocol for venous thromboembolism (VTE) as well as the costs of this practice. METHODS: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted at a State General Hospital in Brazil through reports of drug dispensions, prescriptions and risk stratification of patients. Adherence to the VTE prophylaxis protocol was monitored. The tests for VTE diagnosis measured the adherence to therapeutic prophylaxis treatment, and the purchase prices of the drugs went into the calculation of drug therapy costs. The level of adherence to prescriptions for VTE prophylaxis in the hospital was classified as "adherence", "non-adherence" and "justified non-adherence" when compared with the protocol. RESULTS: Protocol adherence was observed for 50 (30.9%) patients, and non-adherence was observed for 63 (38.9%) patients, generating an additional cost of $180.40/month. Justified non-adherence in 49 (30.2%) patients generated $514.71/month in savings due to a reduction in the number of daily administrations of unfractionated heparin while still providing an effective method for preventing VTE. Twenty-six patients stratified as having medium to high risk of VTE who did not receive prophylaxis were identified, generating $154.41 in savings. However, these data should be evaluated with caution since the risks and outcomes associated with not preventing VTE outweigh the economy achieved from not prescribing a drug when a patient needs it. The only case of VTE identified during the study period was related to justified non-adherence to the protocol. CONCLUSION: The protocol is based on scientific evidence that describes an effective therapy to prevent VTE. However, the protocol should be updated because the justifications for non-adherence are based on scientific evidence, and this justified non-adherence generates savings and yields effective disease prevention.

Custo da Doença em Pacientes com Carcinoma Mamário Tratados com Tamoxifeno / Cost of the Disease in Patients with Breast Cancer Treated with Tamoxifen / Costo de la Enfermedad en Pacientes com Carcinoma Mamário Tratados com Tamoxifeno

Introdução: A estimativa do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva para o Brasil, para cada ano do biênio 2018-2019, foi de 59.700 novos casos de câncer de mama, com um risco estimado de 56,33 casos a cada 100 mil mulheres. Em 2014, os gastos públicos com atenção oncológica foram de aproximadamente R$ 2,5 bilhões. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto dos custos diretos médicos em pacientes com carcinoma mamário tratados com tamoxifeno pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Método: Estudo exploratório de custo da doença, quantitativo, retrospectivo, com caráter de prevalência e de abordagem bottom-up. A coleta dos dados foi realizada no ambulatório de Oncologia do Hospital São Vicente em Curitiba, Paraná. Resultados: A média do custo do tratamento dos pacientes foi R$ 14.497,70 em tratamento neoadjuvante ou adjuvante e de R$ 9.108,60 em tratamento paliativo. Em relação a essas variáveis, o custo do tamoxifeno foi o que mais impactou em relação ao custo total do tratamento, representando mais de 80% deste valor. A média do custo anual gasto com tamoxifeno por paciente foi de R$ 1.947,60. Conclusão: O custo médio do tratamento demonstrou ser alto em relação à média salarial dos brasileiros de R$ 2.110.00 (IBGE-2017). Os custos levantados neste estudo podem auxiliar os gestores de saúde pública em estratégias para racionalização dos gastos, otimização do capital e manutenção do atendimento à população.

Introduction: The estimate of the National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva, for each year of the 2018-2019 biennium in Brazil, was 59,700 new cases of breast cancer, with an estimated risk of 56.33 cases per 100,000 women. In 2014, public expenditures on cancer care were approximately R$ 2.5 billion. Objective: To evaluate the impact of direct medical costs on breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen using the Unified Health System. Method: Prospective, quantitative, retrospective, cost-of-disease study with prevalence and bottom-up approach. Data collection was performed at the Oncology Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital São Vicente in Curitiba, Paraná. Results: The mean cost of the treatment was R$ 14,497.70 for neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment and R$ 9,108.60 for palliative treatment. In relation to these variables, the cost of tamoxifen was the one that most impacted, in relation to the total cost of the treatment, representing more than 80% of this value. The mean annual cost of tamoxifen per patient was R$ 1,947.60. Conclusion: The average cost of treatment was high in relation to the Brazilian average salary of R$ 2,110.00 (IBGE-2017). The costs investigated in this study can help public health managers in strategies to rationalize expenditures, optimize capital and maintain patient care.

Introducción: La estimación del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva para Brasil, para cada año del bienio 2018-2019, fue de 59,700 casos nuevos de cáncer de mama, con un riesgo estimado de 56.33 casos por 100,000 mujeres. En 2014, los gastos públicos con atención oncológica fueron de aproximadamente R $ 2,5 mil millones. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de los costos directos médicos en pacientes con carcinoma mamario tratados con tamoxifeno por el Sistema Único de Salud. Método: Estudio exploratorio de costo de la enfermedad, cuantitativo, retrospectivo, con carácter de prevalencia y de enfoque bottom-up. La recolección de los datos fue realizada en el Ambulatorio de Oncología del Hospital São Vicente en Curitiba, Paraná. Resultados: El promedio del costo del tratamiento de los pacientes fue R$ 14.497,70 en tratamiento neoadyuvante o adyuvante y de R$ 9.108,60 en tratamiento paliativo. En relación a estas variables el costo del tamoxifeno fue el que más impactó en relación al costo total del tratamiento, representando más del 80% de este valor. El promedio del costo anual gastado con tamoxifeno por paciente fue de R$ 1.947,60. Conclusión:El costo promedio del tratamiento demostró ser alto en relación al promedio salarial de los brasileños de R $ 2.110.00 (IBGE-2017). Los costos levantados en este estudio pueden auxiliar a los gestores de salud pública en estrategias para racionalización de los gastos, optimización del capital y mantenimiento de la atención a la población.